The Effect of Socioeconomic Disparities on Access to Quality Healthcare in Kebbi State
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Background of the Study
Access to quality healthcare is a fundamental human right, yet socioeconomic disparities significantly impact healthcare availability and utilization, particularly in low-resource settings like Kebbi State, Nigeria (WHO, 2024). Socioeconomic factors such as income level, educational attainment, and employment status influence individuals' ability to seek and afford healthcare services (Bello et al., 2024). In Kebbi State, one of Nigeria’s northern regions with a high poverty index, disparities in healthcare access are evident, with rural populations and low-income earners facing significant barriers (NBS, 2024).
According to the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS, 2024), Kebbi State has lower health facility coverage, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and a high out-of-pocket expenditure burden, limiting access to essential medical services. Studies indicate that individuals in higher socioeconomic brackets have better access to private hospitals, specialist care, and preventive health services, whereas lower-income individuals rely on underfunded public health facilities with limited resources (Adamu & Yusuf, 2024).
Healthcare inequality contributes to worsening health outcomes, increased disease burden, and higher mortality rates in disadvantaged populations (WHO, 2024). There is an urgent need to assess the extent of socioeconomic disparities in access to healthcare in Kebbi State and propose evidence-based strategies for improving healthcare equity.
Statement of the Problem
Despite global and national commitments to achieving universal health coverage, socioeconomic disparities continue to create inequities in healthcare access in Kebbi State (Federal Ministry of Health, 2024). Low-income earners, rural residents, and marginalized groups face challenges such as financial constraints, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and cultural barriers that hinder access to quality care (Bello et al., 2024).
This disparity results in poor health outcomes, including high maternal and infant mortality rates, low immunization coverage, and high prevalence of preventable diseases (NBS, 2024). While government initiatives such as the Basic Healthcare Provision Fund (BHCPF) aim to improve healthcare accessibility, gaps persist. This study seeks to critically evaluate the impact of socioeconomic disparities on healthcare access in Kebbi State and provide recommendations for equitable healthcare delivery.
Objectives of the Study
1. To assess the impact of socioeconomic factors on access to quality healthcare in Kebbi State.
2. To identify barriers to healthcare access faced by low-income and rural populations.
3. To recommend policy interventions for reducing healthcare disparities in Kebbi State.
Research Questions
1. How do socioeconomic disparities affect access to healthcare in Kebbi State?
2. What are the key barriers preventing equitable healthcare access among disadvantaged populations?
3. What strategies can be implemented to improve healthcare access for low-income groups?
Research Hypotheses
1. Socioeconomic status significantly influences access to quality healthcare in Kebbi State.
2. Low-income and rural populations face greater barriers to healthcare access compared to higher-income groups.
3. Implementing targeted health policies will improve healthcare accessibility for disadvantaged communities.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study will focus on healthcare access among different socioeconomic groups in Kebbi State, analyzing disparities in hospital visits, affordability of services, and availability of healthcare facilities. Limitations may include challenges in obtaining reliable data from marginalized communities and potential reluctance of respondents to disclose income-related health challenges.
Definitions of Terms
• Socioeconomic Disparities: Differences in access to resources and services based on income, education, and occupation.
• Quality Healthcare: Healthcare that is accessible, affordable, effective, and patient-centered.
• Universal Health Coverage (UHC): A healthcare system where all individuals receive essential health services without financial hardship.
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